release time Strategic name main content Strategic objectives year 2011 US Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Program Create high-quality manufacturing jobs and invest in emerging technologies. Improve the global competitiveness of US manufacturing. 2012 US National Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing Five goals and specific recommendations are proposed around SMEs, labor, partnerships, federal investment, and R&D investment. Promote the development of advanced manufacturing in the United States. year 2013 US Manufacturing Innovation Network Program It plans to build a nationwide innovation network with 45 manufacturing innovation centers and a coordinated network, focusing on key manufacturing technologies with potentially revolutionary effects such as 3D printing. A regional center that is the world's leading technology and service, continues to focus on manufacturing technology innovation and transform technology into market-oriented manufacturing. year 2013 German Industry 4.0 Strategy Implementation Recommendation Building a network: information physics system network; research two major themes: smart factories and intelligent production; achieve three integrations: horizontal integration, vertical integration and end-to-end integration; implementation of eight protection plans. Transforming current industrial production and service models through the convergence of information networks and physical production systems; making Germany the creator and supplier of advanced smart manufacturing technologies. Year 2014 Japanese manufacturing white paper Focus on robots, next-generation clean energy vehicles, regenerative medicine, and 3D printing technology. Revitalize domestic manufacturing and revitalize the Japanese economy. 2015 British manufacturing 2050 Promote service + remanufacturing (production-centric value chain); commit to respond more quickly and sensitively to consumer demand, grasp new market opportunities, sustainable development, and intensify efforts to cultivate high-quality labor. Revitalize the UK manufacturing industry and enhance its international competitiveness. year 2013 "New Industry France" Strategy Solve the three major problems of energy, digital revolution and economic life, and identify 34 priority industrial projects, such as new generation high-speed trains, electric flying, energy-saving buildings, smart textiles, etc. Reinventing industrial strength through innovation has made France the first echelon of global industrial competitiveness.
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1. The integration of a new generation of information technology and manufacturing technology will bring profound changes to the manufacturing industry worldwide.
Scientific and technological innovation has always been an important force to promote profound changes in the production and lifestyle of human society. At present, revolutionary breakthroughs and cross-integrations in important fields and frontiers such as information technology, new energy, new materials, and biotechnology are triggering a new round of industrial transformation, which will have a subversive impact on global manufacturing and change global manufacturing. The development pattern of the industry. In particular, the deep integration of the new generation of information technology and manufacturing will promote the profound transformation of manufacturing mode, production organization and industrial form, and intelligent service becomes a new trend of manufacturing development. Ubiquitous connectivity and pervasive computing will be ubiquitous, and technologies such as virtualization technology, 3D printing, industrial Internet, and big data will refactor manufacturing technology systems, such as 3D printing, implanting new materials, digital technologies, and smart technologies into products to make products The functions are extremely rich, and the performance changes qualitatively. Under the strong support of ubiquitous information such as the Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data, manufacturers, production service providers, and users interact on open and shared network platforms. Single-piece small-volume custom production will gradually replace high-volume production lines; smart-based systems based on the Cyber-Physics System (CPS) will become the main form of future manufacturing, and repetitive and general-skilled labor will continue to be intelligently equipped and produced. The way is replaced. As the focus of the industrial value chain shifts from production to R&D design and marketing services, the industrial form will shift from production-oriented manufacturing to service-oriented manufacturing. Network crowdsourcing, off-site collaborative design, large-scale personalized customization, and precise supply chain management are building new competitive advantages for enterprises; full lifecycle management, total integration general contracting, internet finance, e-commerce, etc. New system.
A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial changes have also brought important opportunities to China's manufacturing industry. Today, China's gaps in some fields and the world's cutting-edge technology are at a historically minimum period. They have the ability to follow up this round of technological revolution and industrial transformation in parallel, and realize the transformation, upgrading and innovation of the manufacturing industry.
Second, the global industrial structure has undergone major adjustments, international trade rules are being reconstructed, and China's manufacturing industry is facing a severe external situation.
The high-end manufacturing reflow in developed countries competes with low- and middle-income countries for the simultaneous transfer of low-end manufacturing, which poses a severe challenge to China's “two-way squeezeâ€. On the one hand, the high-end manufacturing sector has seen a “reverse transfer†trend to developed countries. The manufacturing industry has once again become the commanding height of global economic competition, and countries have formulated re-industrialization strategies that focus on revitalizing manufacturing. The United States released the "Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Program", "Manufacturing Innovation Network Plan", Germany released "Industry 4.0", Japan focused on the development of the robot industry in the "2014 White Paper on Manufacturing", and the UK released "British Made 2050". At present, the return of manufacturing to developed countries has begun. For example, Apple Computer has set up a factory in the United States, and Japanese manufacturing company Matsushita will transfer vertical washing machine and microwave oven production from China to Japan. Sharp plans to produce more LCD TVs and refrigerators in the country. TDK will also The production of some electronic components was transferred from China to Akita, Japan. On the other hand, some Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam and India, relying on comparative advantages such as resources and labor, have also begun to exert their efforts in low-end and low-end manufacturing industries to undertake the transfer of labor-intensive manufacturing industries at a lower cost. Some transnational capital invests directly in emerging countries to set up factories, while others consider moving Chinese factories to other emerging countries. For example, Microsoft plans to shut down the Nokia factory in Dongguan, and some equipment will be transferred to Hanoi, Vietnam; Nike, Uniqlo, Samsung, Funai Electric, Foxconn and other well-known companies have opened new factories in Southeast Asia and India. In general, China's manufacturing industry is facing a two-way squeeze between the “high-end return†of developed countries and the “low-end and middle-end diversion†of developing countries.
In addition, the strengthening of international trade protectionism is intertwined with the restructuring of global trade rules, and China will also face new challenges in the changing international trade environment. First, international trade protectionism is further strengthened. In recent years, China has become the country most affected by trade remedy investigations. In the first half of 2014, the amount involved was 5.29 billion US dollars, an increase of 136% over the same period of the previous year. It can be foreseen that the economic and trade friction between China and developed and developing countries will become more intense in the future, which will have an adverse impact on China's exports of manufactured goods. Second, global trade rules are also in the process of restructuring. The United States is pushing hard to create the world's largest free trade zone (TPP) across the Pacific. The high threshold in service trade, intellectual property, labor and environmental protection will further weaken the cost advantage of China's industrial export products, and will also affect China's industrial implementation. "Going out" strategy. In addition, the US-sponsored Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Agreement (TTIP), the United States and Europe to reduce non-tariff barriers and unify regulatory standards such as various types of certification, will also challenge China's participation in the BRICS quasi-trade alliance. The reconstruction of the global trade and investment order may have a substitution effect on domestic trade and investment, and China's foreign trade and the pressure to attract international direct investment will increase.
Third, China's economic development has entered a new normal, resource and environmental factors and factor cost constraints have become increasingly tight, and the economic development environment has undergone major changes.
The 2014 Central Economic Work Conference pointed out that "China's economy is evolving to a more advanced stage, a more complex division of labor, a more rational structure, and economic development has entered a new normal." China's economic development is no longer the process of total expansion. Mainly due to the process of structural upgrading and transformation, the decline in growth rate may bring some unpredictable challenges, which puts urgent demands on the transformation of China's manufacturing industry.
At present, the resources, energy, ecological environment, and factor costs of China's manufacturing industry are undergoing dynamic changes. From the perspective of resources and energy, China's resources are relatively insufficient, and its environmental carrying capacity is weak. Per capita fresh water, cultivated land, and forest resources account for only 28%, 40%, and 25% of the world's average. Important minerals such as oil, iron ore, and copper. The per capita reserves of resources are 7.7%, 17%, and 17% of the world's per capita level, respectively. From the perspective of environmental pressure, the long-term accumulation of environmental contradictions is concentrated. At present, about 70% of the cities in the country cannot meet the new ambient air quality standards. The population of about 600 million people in 17 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) is affected by the haze weather. Water pollution is more prominent, soil pollution is increasingly prominent, and major environmental events occur from time to time. From the perspective of factor costs, with the disappearance of demographic dividends and the overall rise in factor costs, the original comparative advantage of China's manufacturing industry is gradually disappearing. For example, in 2014, China's working-age population dropped by 5.6 million from the peak of 2011, and the labor supply showed a downward trend, which directly led to an increase in labor costs. At present, China's manufacturing wages generally reach 3,000-4,000 yuan, far higher than Southeast Asia and other countries. According to the Boston report, the cost advantage of Chinese manufacturing to the US has dropped from 14% in 2004 to 4% in 2014, indicating that production in the US is only 4% more expensive than in China.
The increasingly restrictive constraints on the traditional competitive advantages of China's manufacturing industry have made the extensive development path narrower and narrower. Under the new normal of economic development, China's manufacturing industry must accelerate the pace of transformation and upgrading in the new and old alternation period when the original comparative advantage is gradually weakened and the new competitive advantage has not yet formed.
4. The state has made a series of major strategic deployments, and the potential of domestic demand and the reform dividend have been continuously released, opening up a broad space for the development of the manufacturing industry.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have made a series of major arrangements concerning the overall situation of China's economic and social development. The simultaneous development of Sihua has created new demands for the manufacturing industry and opened up new markets. For example, urban-rural integration will become the main driving force for the growth of domestic demand in manufacturing. According to the current urbanization speed, more than 10 million rural people will be converted into urban population every year in the future; according to estimates, the urbanization rate will increase by 1 percentage point per year. Drive more than 100 billion yuan in consumer demand and 5 trillion yuan in fixed assets investment. Agricultural modernization will also promote the development of manufacturing industry, strengthen rural infrastructure construction, improve agricultural production conditions, and improve the level of agricultural technology and equipment, all creating huge demand for the manufacturing industry. Major regional development strategies such as “One Belt and One Roadâ€, coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and the Yangtze River Economic Belt will also promote the development of manufacturing industry through infrastructure interconnection and coordinated development of industrial regions. In short, China enters the middle and late stages of industrialization, new equipment needs of various industrial sectors, new consumer demand of the people, new capacity requirements for social governance services, new competition for international competition and national defense construction, quality of production equipment and quality of consumer goods. Improvements, the supply of public facilities and equipment, and the controllability of major technical equipment are all new requirements for the manufacturing industry. The ultra-large-scale domestic consumer market of a growing population of more than 1.3 billion is the biggest advantage of China's manufacturing industry.
The major strategic deployment of comprehensively deepening reforms has also enabled China's manufacturing industry to gain new development momentum. Economic system reform is the key to comprehensively deepening reforms. The core issue is to handle the relationship between the government and the market, so that the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation and better plays the role of the government. Adhering to and improving the basic economic system, accelerating the improvement of the modern market system, accelerating the transformation of government functions, deepening the reform of the fiscal and taxation system, improving the system of urban and rural development integration, and building a new system of open economy will help to break the manufacturing of China. The institutional and institutional obstacles to the development of the industry will solve the deep-seated contradictions that constrain the transformation and upgrading of China's manufacturing industry and stimulate the vitality of the market. In the recent period, a number of reform measures to support the development of the real economy, such as decentralization and cancellation of administrative examination and approval authority, reduction of corporate tax and fee burden, reduction of financing costs, promotion of innovation and entrepreneurship, have been introduced, one is more lenient and fair, encourages competition, and is more conducive to enterprise innovation. The environment of industrial development has begun to form, providing continuous power and strong guarantee for the manufacturing industry to become stronger and stronger.
In general, the challenges facing China's manufacturing industry in the next decade are enormous, and opportunities are unprecedented, but opportunities outweigh challenges. We must firmly grasp the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation and the strategic opportunity period for China to accelerate the transformation of economic development mode to form a historic convergence, prudent response, forward-looking deployment, unswervingly promote structural adjustment and transformation and upgrading, and strive to form new economic growth. Point, shape new advantages in international competition, and seize the opportunities for the future development of the manufacturing industry.
Interpretation of "Made in China 2025": The situation and environment facing the development of China's manufacturing industry
Abstract At present and in the future, China will still face the complicated and ever-changing international environment and the arduous and arduous domestic reform and development tasks. The internal and external environment of manufacturing development also shows important changes different from the past. "Made in China 2025" pointed out that the global manufacturing pattern is facing a major adjustment...
At present and in the future, China will still face a complex and ever-changing international environment and arduous and arduous domestic reform and development tasks. The internal and external environment of manufacturing development also shows important changes different from the past. "Made in China 2025" pointed out that the global manufacturing industry is facing major adjustments, and the domestic economic development environment has undergone major changes. China's manufacturing industry must firmly grasp historical opportunities and actively and steadily respond to internal and external challenges. Table 1 Re-industrialization strategies released by some developed countries in recent years