Ferroelectric materials are a class of special polar compounds that exhibit excellent nonlinear optical, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and ferroelectric properties based on spontaneous polarization effects in information storage, infrared detection, surface acoustic waves, and integrated optoelectronics Devices and other fields have important applications, especially the excitation of non-equilibrium carriers inside the material under light irradiation, induced asymmetrical changes in the structure of the electron cloud, and induced macroscopic polarization to generate many new phenomena, such as anomalous photovoltaic effect, Photorefractive effect. In recent years, inorganic/organic hybrid perovskite materials have attracted much attention in solar cells, optoelectronic devices, etc. Among them, two-dimensional layered perovskite materials have unique quantum confinement effects, exciton effects, and easy structure adjustments. The features provide great possibilities and selectivity for designing synthetic ferroelectrics and assembling optoelectronic functional devices. Researcher of Inorganic Optoelectronic Functional Crystal Materials led by Luo Junhua, Researcher at the State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Institute of Structure Research of the Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, hosted by the National Outstanding Youth Fund, the Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Sun Zhihua, a member of the Haixi Research Institute’s “100 People†team. Supported by projects such as the NSFC Outstanding Youth Fund, the Haixi Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences “Spring Miao Talent†Special Project and the Fujian Outstanding Youth Fund, based on the three-dimensional lead bromide perovskite, through the introduction of mixed organic cationic ligands In this strategy, a ferroelectric compound with a multi-layered perovskite structure was constructed and assembled into a photodetector crystal device. In this crystal structure, the inorganic lead bromide skeleton maintains the original perovskite structure, and the organic cationic ligand undergoes an order-disorder structural transformation, and the dipole ordered arrangement induces the production of the compound during the phase transition. Spontaneous polarization; Spontaneous polarization of the material can be reversed under application of an external electric field, exhibiting significant ferroelectric properties. At the same time, the photodetector assembled by using the ferroelectric crystal exhibits good detection performance with a response time of ~150 μs, and the optical radiation of the intrinsic absorption region of the crystal can achieve high sensitivity and rapid detection. This ferroelectric compound not only provides a new design strategy for researchers to design and synthesize polar optoelectronic functional materials, as an example of potential photoelectric detection materials, it will further expand the inorganic/organic hybrid perovskite materials in solar cells. The application scope of photodetection and other aspects, related research results were recently published in "Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705836). The team further exploited halogen doping to achieve band and polarization control of this type of inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite ferroelectric crystal material (relevant results were recently published in J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2017, 8, 2012). And multi-level switching control that achieves nonlinear frequency multiplication performance by inducing polarization through symmetry breaking (Chem. Mater., 2017, 29(7), 3251; Chem. Commun., 2017, 53, 7669). Previously, the team created a series of polar photonic crystal materials by using the design strategy of phase transition induced polarization effect of solid symmetry breaking structures (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 3871; Adv. Fuct. Mater., 2012, 22, 4855; Adv. Mater., 2013, 25, 4159, Chem. Mater., 2015, 27, 4493; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, 15560; Adv. Mater. , 2015, 27, 4795); The team recently applied this strategy to the structural design, performance control, and optoelectronic device assembly of inorganic/organic hybrid perovskite ferroelectric compounds and achieved very good progress (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 6545; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 11845).
Espag handles are the most common type of window
handle used today. A locking system with a flat metal strip which runs up the
side that locks into the frame. The locking mechanism moves when the window
handle is turned. They fix onto the window with two fixing screws and have a
square spindle bar which protrudes from the base. This spindle slots into the
lock and then operates a lock located inside the window . Approximately
90% of Espag handles have a standard fixing size, with two screws which are
43mm apart. You can usually interchange Espag handles with any other type,
without having to make any adjustments.One thing to be aware of is that they
also have various spindle lengths depending on the window in question, and can
be a short as 10mm or as long as 60mm.Most of handles come with a 50mm spindle
length as standard and this can then be cut down to suit with a normal hacksaw
if necessary.
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